Getting Started with Tmux [Beginner's Guide]

With tmux, you can create multiple terminal sessions that can be opened (attached) and closed (detached) or displayed simultaneously all from one window.

Learning how to use a terminal multiplexer will save you a lot of headaches if you spend a lot of time in the terminal. This is especially true if your work involves accessing remote machines via command line only.

If you are a little lost and don’t know what this article is about yet, that is totally fine. We’re going to walk through everything together. I will show you how to install tmux and how to perform basic operations.

Install tmux

Tmux is a popular application and it should be available in your Linux distribution’s official repository. You can install it using the package manage of your distribution.

On Debian and Ubuntu-based distributions, you can install it using the following command:

sudo apt install tmux

Getting Started with tmux

As we touched on, tmux is a great application to make you more productive. It is a powerful piece of software, but it can be a little confusing to get started with.

I will guide you through critical features one at a time. My goal is to ease you in and show you the basic functionality. There are so many ways to customize tmux, we won’t be able to cover everything in this article. If you are curious about an article on advanced features and functionalities, let us know in the comment section!

Create session in tmux

Open a terminal and use the following command:

christopher@linuxhandbook:~$ tmux

This should bring you into tmux. You will see a command prompt as usual, but you will now see a taskbar style menu on the bottom of the terminal that will say something like bash 0 *. The asterisk indicates that this is your active window.

Let’s create a couple of windows that you can switch between. You can do this by using the prefix [ctrl + b] + c.

You should see on the taskbar that something named 1:bash has been added. Let’s add one more before you continue further.

It should now look like the screenshot below. You should have a total of three new terminal windows (you’ll only see one window at a time).

Session vs Window vs Pane (split) in tmux

Before you go any further, you should know the difference between session, window and pane in tmux.

Consider the sessions as notebooks, windows as chapters and window panes as its pages.

A session can have multiple windows. A window is basically a terminal. You can split a window between several vertical and horizontal panes. This means a terminal window can have multiple terminals in it.

You can create a tmux session for a specific topic/project. For example, if you manage three servers, maybe you can create one session for each server to perform tasks. Use a window for monitoring system resources and another for performing some maintenance tasks. The system monitoring window can have multiple panes to monitor memory, CPU and disk usage.

Switching windows in a tmux session

Remember that ctrl+b (simultaneously) is like your “tmux” key. It tells the software that you want to enter a command. Look at the table below to get started navigating the tmux interface.

Previous	Next	n (0, 1, 2, 3 etc.)
[ctrl + b] + p	[ctrl + b] + n	Switch to n Window: [ctrl + b] + 0

Now you can move “back and forth” or select a specific instance by it’s ID number. Try those things out until it feels comfortable.

Ready? Awesome. Let’s check out some of the other functionalities.

NOTE: If you are an experienced Screen user, you may be used to using [ctrl + a] prefix. Editing the configuration file will allow you to change the prefix if you would like. I actually found the alternate key combo improved my efficiency, but I also understand old habits are hard to break.

Switch using window list

Another option uses [ctrl+b] + w. This gives you a visual overview of sessions. You can use arrow keys to select the desired windows/panes.

Name or rename windows in tmux

You can name your current window with the following key combination:

[ctrl+b] + ,

Name your tmux session

You may find it helpful to name your sessions with meaningful titles to keep things organized. Let’s try naming your first session with tmux.

You can name it anything that we want, but in this case I will name it free. Enter the following command:

tmux new -s free

You should now have a new session of tmux running. If you look in the bottom-left area of the window, you will see the name of your session rather than the generic ‘bash’.

If you already created a session, you may name it or rename it using the following key combination:

[ctrl+b] + $

Detach a session (come out of tmux session but keep it running in background)

Before you continue, let’s begin running free with the watch command which will update the results every 2 seconds.

watch free

If you are not familiar with free or watch, I recommend that you check out the watch and free command. Knowledge of their functionality, however, is not essential for using them with tmux.

Okay, so once the program begins, go ahead and detach the session. Use this key combination:

[ctrl + b] + d

This should return you to a standard command prompt. Keep in mind that the tmux session is still running in the background and you can enter it again whenever you want.

List tmux sessions

What happened to your session? It is still running in the background. You can re-open the session by name or by ID number, but what if you forget the session name?

There is a list function built into tmux:

tmux ls

This will list all your current tmux sessions. Running it will produce output like this:

christopher@linuxhandbook:~$ tmux ls
free: 1 windows (created Sat Feb 29 03:16:31 2020) [80x23]

As you can see, it also lists how many windows a session has.

Reenter a session in Tmux (also known as attach)

To reopen your tmux session you can use the tmux command with attach or attach-session option like this:

tmux attach -t session_name_or_number

Here is an animation that shows all these steps up until this point of the demonstration.

Creating multiple panes in tmux

Now that you have an understanding of the basics, you can go further and create multiple panes.

Horizontal (Left/Right)	Vertical (Up/Down)
[ctrl + b] + %	[ctrl + b] + “

Let’s get some practice with these commands by creating a vertical split followed by a horizontal split.

[ctrl + b] + " 
[ctrl + b] +  %

If you’ve entered the commands in that order, you should have three panes that look this:

You can use [ctrl+b] + space key to toggle the layout of the currently focused pane.

Switching between panes

To switch between the splits you can use the tmux prefix [ctrl+b] + arrow keys.

[ctrl+b] + arrow keys

This cycle the panes in the direction you choose. The selected pane will be highlighted in green.

Zoom into a pane

You can also “zoom” into a selected pane with the [ctrl+b] + z. This will bring the selected screen to full size. To exit the zoom mode, hit [ctrl+b] + z again.

Killing or closing panes

This is an important one. You can close a pane (splits) by using the prefix [ctrl + b] + x.

It will ask you for the confirmation:

kill-pane 0? (y/n)

Killing or closing windows in tmux

In order to close the current window (tabs), use:

[ctrl + b] + &

It will ask for your confirmation:

kill-window window_name? (y/n)

Killing sessions in tmux

To kill the current tmux session you are using, you’ll have to kill all the windows first. That’s not very convenient, is it?

You can selectively kill a tmux session using its name or number like this:

tmux kill-session -t session_name_or_number

It will kill the session even if you are inside the session.

If you want to kill all the session except the one you are currently using (or the last one you used), use this command:

tmux kill-session -a

To kill all tmux sessions in one go, you can use this magical command:

tmux kill-server

Download tmux cheat sheet

You learned the basics of tmux but remembering all the commands is not easy, specially in the beginning. This is why I am summarizing all the commands in the table below. You may also download it in PDF form.

Command	Explanation
tmux	Start new session
tmux new -s name	Start new session with name
tmux ls	List all the sessions
tmux kill-session -t name	Kill the mentioned session
tmux kill-session -a	Kill all sessions except the last used session
tmux kill-server	Kill all tmux sessions
tmux attach -t name	Attach/enter the mentioned session
[Ctrl +b] + d	Detach/exit the current session
[Ctrl +b] + $	Name or rename current session
[Ctrl +b] + c	Create new window
[Ctrl +b] + ,	Name or rename current window
[Ctrl +b] + w	List all windows
[Ctrl +b] + &	Kill the current window
[Ctrl +b] + n/p/N	Move to next/previous/Nth window
[Ctrl +b] + %	Create horizontal pane
[Ctrl +b] + “	Create vertical pane
[Ctrl +b] + space key	Toggle the layout of current pane
[Ctrl +b] + z	Zoom into the current pane
[Ctrl +b] + x	Kill the current pane

Conclusion

Thank you for following along with our introduction to tmux. As you can see there are a wide variety of applications. I hope that this basic overview has given you some ideas about how you can use tmux to improve your workflow.

As always, if you have any questions, please leave them below in the comment section.